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1 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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2 memory
[ˈmemərɪ] plural ˈmemories noun1) the power to remember things:ذاكِرَه، القُدْرَه على التَّذَكُّرa good memory for details.
2) the mind's store of remembered things:ذاكِرَهHer memory is full of interesting stories.
3) something remembered:ذِكْرىmemories of her childhood.
4) the time as far back as can be remembered:في الذّاكِرَهthe greatest fire in memory.
5) a part of computer in which information is stored for immediate use; a computer with 8 megabytes of memoryذاكرة الحاسوب -
3 memory
ذاكِرة \ memory: the power of remembering: I have a weak memory. recollection: memory (of an event): He was hit on the head and had no recollection of the accident. \ See Also استذكار (اِسْتِذْكار) -
4 memory
ذِكْرَى \ memory: sth. that is remembered: We have happy memories of your visit. remembrance: (esp. concerning the dead) memory. -
5 MEMORY
• No man has a good enough memory to be a successful liar - Ври, да помни (B) -
6 Memory Aperture Feature
n < edv> ■ memory aperture featureGerman-english technical dictionary > Memory Aperture Feature
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7 Memory Stick DUO-Steckverbinder
m < edv> ■ Memory Stick Duo connectorGerman-english technical dictionary > Memory Stick DUO-Steckverbinder
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8 Memory-Card
f < edv> ■ memory card -
9 Memory-Schaltung
f <kfz.msr> (z.B. elektrische Spiegelverstellung) ■ memory system :V -
10 Memory-Stent
m <med.tech> ■ thermal expanding stent; memory [metal] stent rare -
11 Memory-Taste
f <kfz.msr> (z.B. elektr. Spiegeleinstellung etc.) ■ memory button -
12 Memory-Zelle
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13 memory (numerical) control
см. memory NC controlАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > memory (numerical) control
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14 memory (numerical) control
см. memory NC controlАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > memory (numerical) control
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15 memory-to-memory move instruction
Engineering: MOVУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > memory-to-memory move instruction
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16 MEMory variable save file
File extension: MEM (Clipper - dBASE IV - FoxPro)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > MEMory variable save file
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17 Memory Acceleration Technology
Abbreviation: MATУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Memory Acceleration Technology
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18 Memory Address Driver strength
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Memory Address Driver strength
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19 Memory Address Print
Abbreviation: MAPУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Memory Address Print
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20 Memory Address Register
Telecommunications: MARУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Memory Address Register
См. также в других словарях:
Memory consolidation — is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after the initial acquisition.[1] Consolidation is distinguished into two specific processes, synaptic consolidation, which occurs within the first few hours after learning, and system… … Wikipedia
Memory errors — Memory gaps and errors refer to the incorrect recall, or complete loss, of information in the memory system for a specific detail and/or event. Memory errors may include remembering events that never occurred, or remembering them differently from … Wikipedia
Memory for the future — refers to the ability to use memory to picture and plan future events. It is a subcategory of mental time travel which Suddendorf and Corballis described to be the process that allows people to imagine both past and potential future events.… … Wikipedia
Memory management — is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and freeing it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to … Wikipedia
Memory disorder — Memory can be defined as an organism s ability to encode, retain, and recall information. Disorders of memory can range from mild to severe, yet are all a result of damage to neuroanatomical structures; either in part or in full. This damage… … Wikipedia
Memory and trauma — Memory is described by psychology as the ability of an organism to store, retain, and subsequently retrieve information. When an individual experiences a traumatic event, whether physically or psychologically traumatic, his or her memory can be… … Wikipedia
Memory sport — Memory sport, sometimes referred to as competitive memory or the mind sport of memory, is a competition in which participants attempt to memorize the most information that they can then present back, under certain guidelines. The sport has been… … Wikipedia
Memory and social interactions — Memory underpins and enables social interactions in a variety of ways. In order to engage in successful social interaction, organisms must be able to remember how they should interact with one another, who they have interacted with previously,… … Wikipedia
Memory barrier — Memory barrier, also known as membar or memory fence or fence instruction, is a type of barrier and a class of instruction which causes a central processing unit (CPU) or compiler to enforce an ordering constraint on memory operations issued… … Wikipedia
Memory disambiguation — is a set of techniques employed by high performance out of order execution microprocessors that execute memory access instructions (loads and stores) out of program order. The mechanisms for performing memory disambiguation, implemented using… … Wikipedia
Memory Almost Full — Studio album by Paul McCartney Released 4 June 2007 … Wikipedia
